Hiv / Aids An Integral Part Of Society That Shapes The...

Public policy has always been an integral part of society that shapes the way we live and interact with the people around us. They are usually well intentioned with the goal of promoting order and safety for its citizens, but sometimes that is not the case. With the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the United States, laws have been created in order to decrease the incidence rate but has instead increased stigma around HIV/AIDS. This results in people with HIV being discriminated against by not only their peers but the government that is responsible for keeping them safe. This blatant, federally endorsed, discrimination discourages those with HIV to seek out the appropriate care that they need due to possible punishment. In the case of Nick Rhoades, the fact that he did not disclose his HIV status despite taking precautions meant that he almost sat in prison for 25 years as well as register as a sex offender (Warnke). Since the beginning of the epidemic, people affected by HIV endure chastise ment, exclusion from services and an assumption of guilt in various settings and for practices that are, for those who are negative for HIV, insignificant. The first problem that is present when dealing these laws is how they are implemented. When it was introduced, the laws focused on whether disclosure occurred at all. The act of disclosure in itself is hard to determine because many people do not have harmful intent. Criminalizing the sexual practices of HIV positive people is warranted onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Medias Dangerous Perception of the Ideal Body Image1274 Words   |  6 Pageswith questionable chemicals. There is a big discrepancy between what the media shows as perfect and what is normally genetically possible within the human body, and its becoming a dangerous issue. Body image is defined as the way a person perceives their own body and the way a person assumes others perceive them. While it involves a persons â€Å"perception, imagination, emotions, and physical sensations†, body image is a fluid concept that is constantly adapting to their self and to their environmentRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 PagesControl and contraceptives 177-185 Effects on population growth 186-187 Drug and drug abuse 188-191 Man’s impact on the environment 192-199 Reproduction in man 200-201 References 202 Introduction Many people live their lives without having a clue about certain things pertaining to science and its impact on living. They remain dark when it comes on to having an understanding of how the scientific things of this world actually work. This portfolio was done as a meansRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesa teaching assistant Writing Your Statement of Purpose I. Audience and Institutions Several readers within a specific academic discipline or an even more specifically defined research group will read your statement of purpose and review other parts of your application package. Tailor your material to this audience. Knowing your audience and familiarizing yourself with each graduate program will help you write a more effective statement of purpose. Consider the following comments and suggestions:Read MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesEDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or otherRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 PagesDo more, feel better, live longer GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2010 Contents Business review P08–P57 Governance and remuneration P58–P101 Financial statements P102–P191 Shareholder information P192–P212 Business review 2010 Performance overview Research and development Pipeline summary Products, competition and intellectual property Regulation Manufacturing and supply World market GSK sales performance Segment reviews Responsible business Financial review 2010 Financial position and resourcesRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pagesreferences on data collection (we refer to several at the end of this chapter). Its purpose is to guide the proposal writer in stipulating the methods of choice for his study and in describing for the reader how the data will inform his research questions. How the researcher plans to use these methods, however, depends on several considerations. Chapter 1 presents an introductory discussion of qualitative methodological assumptions. As the grounding for a selection of methods, we extend that discussion hereRead MoreImpact of Microfinance awareness in Kenya12633 Words   |  51 Pagesloans, whereas microfinance is appropriate where non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and microfinance institutions (MFIs) supplement the loans with other financial services (savings, insurance, etc)†. This definition indicates that microcredit is part of microfinance since it involves providing credit to the poor. Microfinance is an overall concept as it involves both credit and non-credit financial services such as insurance, savings, pensions and other payment services. Microfinance institutionsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagescases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. This book may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade inRead MoreAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 Pageshypotheses were tested in order to quantitatively analyzed the findings from the study. The analysis confirmed all the hypotheses stated as well as the fact that ST policy has not played a critical role in national development and that Nigerian society is not aware of and hardly contribute to formulation of ST policy. Furthermore, the study revealed that development process in Nigeria failed to recognize the critical role of scientific and technological activities. The country lacked science

John Steinbeck Once Said of Curley’s Wife, ‘She’s a Nice...

John Steinbeck once said of Curley’s wife, ‘She’s a nice girl, not a floozy’. How does Steinbeck present Curley’s wife in ‘Of Mice and Men’? In this essay I will show how Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife in a number of ways throughout the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, showing both how she is portrayed as a ‘nice girl’ as well as a ‘floozy’. This novel was set during the great depression and is written around two key themes of the American dream, which every ‘ranch hand’ owned their own patch of land, and loneliness, the only common feeling that each individual in the novel feared. Loneliness was the main theme that caused Curley’s wife to be interpreted in a negative way by the other ranch men. The very first time we meet Curley’s wife†¦show more content†¦She takes pride in her appearance and only seeks to impress those around her. We only know more about Curley’s wife through the comments of the men at the ranch. Everyone refers to her as ‘Curley’s wife’ so doesn’t have her own identity, therefore is not addre ssed as a person but as a possession. Prejudice leads to her loneliness as she has no rights and feels isolated. Every worker on the ranch appears to try to avoid Curley’s wife as they fear the consequences that Curley could put upon them if he discovers anything suspicious. Because of this, she’s a lonely character and seeks attention from others as Curley doesn’t give her any; however, she sometimes comes across as being desperate without it being her intention. One of the workers on the ranch describes her as a ‘tart’ and a woman that would ‘sell out for twenty bucks’ – this would influence the other workers not to get involved with her by making Curley’s wife’s life on the ranch a challenging one in order for people to understand her intentions of being friendly rather than desperate. The negative feelings towards Curley’s wife start changing after she reveals more about herself in Crooks’ room. S he claims to be looking for Curley but after cold responses from the men she starts talking about her desire to live her own life. However, she shows signs of lack of sensitivity by referring to the men as leaving ‘the weak ones here’. Although she has a low social

Inaccuracies of Cloning in Star Wars The Clone Wars

Cloning Assignment As wars between the Republic and Dark side continue to happen, more and more systems get taken over by the dark side of the force. Anakin Skywalker is just beginning to become a Jedi Knight and through his training he fights these wars. During the several wars and fights going on, Anakin finds out that his mother has been sold to some tribe and finds out that she is dead. This angers Anakin a lot and he becomes filled with anger. The Chancellor is currently working with Anakin throughout the movie and he sees the anger Anakin has over the loss of this mom and tries to take advantage and turn Anakin to the dark side. Meanwhile, thousands of clones are being created to fight in a giant war between the Republic and the Dark Side. The clones being created are for the Republic, but during the clone war, the Sith Lord realizes the Dark side is losing and decides to make the clone troopers turn against the Republic and work for the Dark side. The Clone war ensues for a lo ng time and the Republic fight to keep peace throughout the Galaxies. In the Movie, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, the Army of the Republic is a giant army of clones from the bounty hunter Jango Fett. The thousands of clones are based off of the genetic template given by Jango. However, the DNA was tempered with so that the Clones obeyed the Sith Lord. The clones were kept in a facility which created the clones using chambers where an embryo made from Jango Fett’s DNA was held. The chambers

Political Trends Of The Affordable Care Act - 929 Words

1. Identify political trends in your area (city, county, or state) that have contributed to or could contribute to a crisis in a particular industry. Several regulations imposed by governments can have an impact on organizations. Some regulations have more effect on certain types of industries than others. The Affordable Care Act does not necessarily affect a particular industry, but it does have consequences that could potentially affect business owners and their employees. Under this health reform, employers with 50 employees or more are required to pay health insurance for their employees or face a penalty. The Affordable Care Act limits the employer’s options in choosing low-cost insurance plans; this may cause businesses to raise costs and reduce the hours of work and/or the wages paid to their employees. 2. How do political and economic events comingle to create a crisis? Both political and economic events can trigger a crisis. Political trends and laws are standards that affect the way businesses operate. How a political trend affect business depends on the type of industry that we are looking at; since some legislations are only directed to a certain type of industry. Economic forces can also cause a crisis in an organization. Some factors such as the unemployment rate, interest rate health care costs and others can definitely affect the economic stability of any organization. Top management must consider political and economic trends that affect the specificShow MoreRelatedPublic Policy Analysis : The Affordable Care Act ( Aca )1036 Words   |  5 Pagesand have an impact on how we provide care for our patients’. For this reason, it is important for nurses to be knowledgeable and involved in important healthcare decisions. â€Å"Knowledgeable nurses in advanced practice must demonstrate their commitment to action by being a part of relevan t decisions that will ensure the delivery of quality health care by appropriate providers in a cost-effective manner† (Milstead, 2013, p. 1). Public Policy Analysis Health care driver policy was designed to addressRead MoreBarack Obama s Presidency Of The Affordable Care Act891 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Obama’s most notable acts in his two terms in office is the passing of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), more commonly known as Obamacare. It remains a controversial law, and has already faced multiple repeal attempts, challenges in the Supreme Court, a presidential election, and continues to be challenged repeatedly in Congress. The most recent CNN poll taken in January indicated that 51% of those polled disapproved of how President Obama is handling health care (President Obama and the ObamaRead MoreA Debate Over Universal Health Care Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesactual health for their patients rather than dollar signs. Political Perspective Politics and policy have had an unceasing notion played on by politicians throughout American history for each political party. In this current presidential election, with the new president elect Donald Trump, controversy over universal health care has become a heated debate once more. Since the time of Harry Truman in 1948 when the concept of universal health care was first introduced to the more conservative American publicRead MoreThe Effects Of National Health Care1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of National Health Care The adoption of national healthcare in America is having a profound effect on several American institutions such as government, workplace, and hospitals. This paper will explicate contrasting citizens’ social contract with the government before the passing of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the social contract they had with American citizens after the ACA was put into effect. Additionally, the paper will demonstrate the roles of zealots, disciples and the congregationRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of Wyoming1419 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyst Office: POLS 1100-500 Date: September 22, 2014 Subject: The Affordable Care Act This Memo responds to your request for information about the affordable care act. In this memo I will discuss the history of the act, major provisions of the act, and how the act will affect health insurance in the state of Wyoming. I will also address the reaction and impact the act has had on other states in the union. The affordable care act was implemented by the 111th United States congress and signed intoRead MoreHealthcare Reform in the United States1218 Words   |  5 Pagesfathers had difficulty to agree on common issues due to their conflicting political stances. The intention of each political party is to form a solution that is in the best interest of the citizens in the U.S and of how to govern the US following its independence from Great Britain. It is safe to conclude that some Americans base their decisions on family affiliations rather than viewing each economic, social, and political problem differently to make an informed decision. The presidential nominationRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act : Obama Care, The Patient Protection Act1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Affordable Care Act Obama Care, The Patient Protection Act, people have given it many nicknames but it’s official name is The Affordable Care Act. The law may have several nicknames, but one thing is for sure, it is very controversial. Americans are torn on whether the law will work or not, and it’s causing a huge debate ahead of the 2016 presidential election. The effects that The Affordable Care Act may have on our country can best be understood by analyzing the background and the historyRead MoreMarriage, Employment And Health Case Study1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act and Other Health-related Policies Marriage, Employment and Health Policies outside the domain of health care, factor into the health outcomes of Black SMW. As previously mentioned, cultural shifts and political advocacy has led to significant advancement in the treatment of sexual minorities in the U.S. Public demands for an end to policies that stigmatize sexual minorities, led to the repeal of DADT and the passing of marriage equality by the U.S. Supreme Court during theRead MoreAddressing Health Outcomes : Affordable Care Act1110 Words   |  5 PagesAddressing Health Outcomes Affordable Care Act: In the United States, nearly one in three women ages 18-64 live at or below the 200% poverty level. Poverty level is based on an annual earnings of a household and how many people reside within the home. A 200% poverty level for a single woman is currently set at $23,760 per year. According to the Kaiser Women’s Health Survey from 2013, 15% of women categorize their health as fair or poor and about 43% have health conditions that require monitoringRead MoreThe Level Of Activity At The National Level Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe level of activity at the national level in regards to healthcare is currently very high. There are many healthcare policies, initiatives and trends that will affect the delivery of healthcare locally, nationally and globally in the future. Healthcare costs alone are rising due to emerging high end technologies, global pandemics (with increased international travel), and the continued increase in numbers of the aging population (which traditional ly has shown a higher use of healthcare services)

Physical and cognitive changes Free Essays

What are some examples of the physical and cognitive changes people go through when they enter late adulthood? To avoid any confusion and to more clearly represent my personal opinions, perspectives and points of view, I think it necessary to divulge my age. I turned 55 on December 25, 2012. I must say that hitting 55 was a mental challenge for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical and cognitive changes or any similar topic only for you Order Now ARP considers the age of 55 to be Senior Citizen Status. May restaurants give discounts to their patrons who are 55 years of age or older. Our text sites many theories on aging and I have read them all. Since no one knows exactly why we age and die, there is no correct answer to the aging theory. I subscribe to the Damage Theories and specifically the Wear-and-Tear Theory. In quoting our text it suggests that Damage Theories relate to internal, microscopic damage to the organism and is responsible for death. We know that with use, machinery like cars and dishwashers break down. There is no definitive research linking death to wearing out, but it is one of the most common explanations people have about death. This view is called the wear-and-tear theory. Of course, the body is not a machine. Weight/body build Total body weight increase until the mid-ass then begins to decline. – Weight loss n later years is not due too sliming of the torso but a loss of muscle mass and bone. Voice Due to changes in the larynx, respiratory system and muscle control of the vocal cords, – the pitch of our voice lowers two or three notes on a scale and – may begin to quaver due to loss of control over the vocal cords. – there is also a decrease in volume The effects of age in internal system Bones – bones in your body loss strength as you age, due to loss of calcium and other minerals, – resulting greater vulnerability to fracture. Smoking, using alcohol, diet, and having a sedentary life all contribute to greater one loss Micro fractures Joints There are age losses in virtually every structural component of the Joint! – the cartilage. Arthritis is a disease category that characteristically impacts the Joints, resulting in swelling, pain, and stiffness. Heat and cold compresses. Musculature – Between 40-70 muscle strength drops between 10-20% – between 70-80 the drop is 30-40% – Muscle mass is replaced with connective tissue that makes the muscle stiffer and heals slower after injury. Reaction time The time between stimulus onset and our response decreases with age. – Reaching peak in our teens and early 20. Cardiovascular serious limitations of the heart’s ability to pump blood through the circulatory system adequately for all the cells. – The reduction in the ability of the heart to pump is due to ? » changes that affect the structure and functioning of the heart muscle wall ? » the cardiac muscle becomes less responsive to the neural stimulation of the â€Å"pacemaker† cells that initiate contraction ? » the effects of aging and poor health habits on the arteries of the heart reduce flow as well. ? Under normal conditions During aerobic exercises or other strenuous activity ? Poor health habits Regular exercises Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. – Defined as any problem associated with the heart or blood circulation. – The likelihood of dying of some form of cardiovascular disease increases dramatically as we age. Included in cardiovascular disease are – hypertension (high blood pressure) Generally any systolic over 140 mm Hug and diastolic over 90 mm Hug. ? congestive heart failure stroke (cerebral vascular disease) and peripheral vascular disease – of which the most common is atherosclerosis. Heart disease Arteriosclerosis – – referring to the narrowing of the arteries Arteriosclerosis – Referring to a loss of elasticity and hardening – which restricts blood flow to the rest of the body including the heart itself. This process begins in childhood and is inevitable. The extent of the buildup and the ultimate impact on functioning is a product of our health behaviors. CAD – Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in later life. While men are more effected by CAD than women – women are still susceptible to the disease. Hormonal systems ? Most notable changes are in sex hormones (test osterone and estrogen and in the production of insulin) – the capacity of the pancreas to produce insulin reduces Diabetes mellitus – – Menopause – reduction in the production of estrogen and progesterone – Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, vaginal and urinary tract changes, and some experience significant swings in mood or feelings of strong emotionality. ? Link to osteoporosis and CAD Immune system A reduction in the effectiveness of T cells, which destroy antigens (foreign substances like viruses that enter the body) as we age. Stress can also influence this – Whereas social support has been found to increase the effectiveness of the immune system. Neural systems We are born with nearly all the neurons we will have in our lifetime – and over time they die. – This loss does not mean there is an associated reduction in cognitive or other functions a we will see. Senile plaques. ? Neurotically tangles – Neurotic ally tangles Changes in neurotransmitters Supplies of all neurotransmitters decreases with age. Dopamine -controlling motor movement and other functions may become depleted uh to the aging of the substantial Nigeria. Morphogenesis – associated with learning and memory. – However, the decline in neurotransmitters that occur with normal aging do not result in dramatic changes in functioning or behavior. When a neuron dies other healthy neurons will generate new connections to compensate for the loss. This repair system is aided by cognitive stimulation, exercise, and health habits. Pulmonary The are usually measurable declines in the efficiency of the pulmonary system – the musculature system that controls breathing (diaphragm, chest cage stiffness) degrades in addition there may be loss of lung tissue and elasticity of the lungs. Health habits Stamina – Digestion/excretion The digestive system acts more slowly The social context of eating Healthy eating – Seniors who are depressed tend to eat irregularly and less than non-depressed structural changes to the kidneys that result in impaired efficiency adulthood. Incontinence effects 19% of women and 8% of men over 60 * Did you expect the age in which you currently are, would be different than it is? L, to this day have the mind of a 25 year old. I think, process, enjoy life and live through he eyes of someone much younger than myself but when it comes to the physical aspect of my actual age, I suffer greatly from chronic pain and feel as if Im about 80 years of age chronologically. My muscul ar-skeletal system has degenerated at a much more significant rate than my socio-emotional mind has. I fear that my mind may one day give way to age as a result of inundating it with constant pain. Eventually the brain will no longer endure and I will yet again experience the â€Å"Wear And Tear† theory and the brain will break down and I will suffer the consequences aforementioned and death will be inevitable. Where would you like to see yourself ten years from now in terms of your family life, career, and education? Ah, the imagination! The imagination gives us the ability to see ourselves in any circumstance, any wild and wonderful scenario, either in the world or out of it. It can take us on the â€Å"future trip† of all time, spinning our reality around until it is only vaguely recognizable. Look at how easily children create new realities to enjoy with their supple imaginations. Cardboard boxes can become snow forts, and a comfy chair can instantly become an ancient regal throne. The bathtub an become a formidable pirate’s ship, all decked out for navigating the perils and adventures of the high seas. Children can imagine themselves anywhere, doing anything. And that is what I try to do. It is important to dream, to envisage a possible future. As the poet, Longboats Hughes said, Dreams Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. So, that is what we are going to do. I am going to encourage you to dream, to imagine. Stretch your imagination ten years forward. Imagine yourself really happy. See ourselves enjoying life, smiling. The rules that apply now, may not apply in the 10- years-from-now-world. Any sort of upheaval may or may not take place between now and then. So, I feel free to let my imagination run rampant about my future. Now, spend some time examining what your happiness looks like. What are the components to it? What ingredients are in the background? What contributes to that happiness? Then, slowly come back to the present. Now, think about what it might take to get you from here to there. Ten years is a pretty long stretch into the future. Ten years ago, Google was in its infancy. Many things we didn’t believe were possible then, are in fact possible today. So even if what you are left with as the way to happiness seems silly, or improbable, give some time over to thinking what you can do to get there. The future changes, transmogrifies (my new favorite word), and shimmers into all kinds of unexpected places. But, if you start putting steps in place now, as the world shifts, your steps can shift as well. When faced with a life decision, think of yourself as happy, and ask â€Å"How will this decision help me get there? † I am not suggesting that happiness of self is the be all and end all. But we can do more for others if we are happy in the now, as opposed to miserable, or unsatisfied or stressed beyond manageability. I am also not suggesting that a dream will always come true, or even that it should. But I do think that dreamers are happier. And I think that wishing for one kind of happiness can end us up at another kind, maybe even a better one. When I think of my own happiness, I am thinner, more physically fit, more engaged in an active community of people, more financially secure and helping more people purposefully. My own list surprised me. And there are things I can do now that I know will help me get there. How to cite Physical and cognitive changes, Papers

had never been to a concert before, so I was incredibly excited about it Free Essays

It was the 6th of April 2001 and I remember every detail vividly. I was with 6 of my close friends; Ben, my boyfriend of 5 months, Becka, my best friend for as long as I can remember, Charlotte and her boyfriend Steve, Sbecky and her boyfriend Tony. Charlotte and Sbecky were also very old friends of mine from school years, both of whom I had kept in contact with since leaving school. We will write a custom essay sample on had never been to a concert before, so I was incredibly excited about it or any similar topic only for you Order Now We were all very excited about the gig, and as we stood outside waiting for the doors to open, I noticed that nobody was concerned about the fact that it was bitterly cold. I stood amongst my friends and while we were talking about Charlotte’s birthday that had just been, I felt a gust of wind hit my face like sharp knifes piercing my skin. I rubbed my face to warm myself slightly. Ben noticed that I was incredibly cold and he wrapped his arms around me to shelter me from the unkind coldness of the night. It was very slow getting into the venue as there were so many people waiting, so as we slowly crept nearer to the doors, we all became a little more anxious to get in. When we finally got there we handed over our tickets and they were torn in half, just like at the cinema. The first thing I noticed as I walked through the doors was the instant warmth, so welcoming in contrast to the icy wind that waited to stalk us on our return home. Next I noticed the amount of people that surrounded me; it was just like a sea of teenagers all as happy and excited as me and my friends. It was such a lively enthusiastic environment. I turned around, expecting to see Ben, but instead there was a short woman in her early twenties. I started to look around and walk back towards the doors until I heard Ben’s voice from about 5 feet away, so I turned and moved towards him. As soon as I was back with him I felt safe and relaxed. Everybody else soon found us, and as soon as we were all back together we headed towards the main hall. There was a long passage leading to the main hall, I was sure it would have seemed longer if there were fewer people surrounding me. The doors on our right hand side were huge and had two people in luminous yellow jackets standing at either side. As we walked in we had a little more room to move about. We went to the back, and sat down on the hard, uncomfortable plastic chairs. For me Charlotte and Becky, it was the first time we had ever been to a concert, so we had no idea what to expect. We waited for about twenty minutes until the support band came on stage. They greeted the audience and told us that they were called Ten Benson. Each member of the band wore a fish-net top and a green baseball cap. We had already begun to walk down the stairs and into the main crowd by the time they started playing. The noise was so powerful it began to make my ears tingle. As we got closer and closer to the front, we could see the band a little more clearly. They were such an energetic band; their act consisted of climbing on top of amplifiers and jumping off, whilst still playing their instruments incredibly well. The drum beat was very powerful and so we were all compelled to dance. When the vocalist began to sing on the second song it was clear that he was a very heavy smoker, but his voice was so intoxicating, I couldn’t do anything but listen to him. At the end of each song there was a huge sound of clapping and cheering for the band, but it wasn’t until they started to leave the stage that the sound became like thunder. They had played amazingly well and I’m sure that anyone who didn’t have their album already would own it within the next week. When the band had left the stage and the lights came on slowly, people began to drift back towards the seats. Becka, Charlotte and I, decided to do the opposite. As people were leaving the front we moved forward. We eventually managed to squeeze our way right up to the front. Various people were coming onto the stage, swapping leads about, tuning the lead and bass guitars, and trying to make the stage a little tidier. After about fifteen minutes the crowd started to force their way back to the front again. I was being squeezed against the metal railings that were keeping the crowd from getting onto the stage. Security guards stood in front of the railings, I felt envious of the amount of space they had. It seemed so strange that thousands of people were all packed into a space like sardines and less than two feet away from them stood security guards who had all the space they liked. The main band appeared and the crowed roared once again. They were called The Darkness and I had only heard one track they had ever made, but I loved it from the first time I heard it. They talked to the crowd for a few minutes, saying how great it was to be back in Wales and what a great crowd we were. They started playing and the pain I was feeling as my ribs got crushed was reduced as I was distracted by the creativity of the band. They were outstandingly good. The drummer looked like he had just escaped from a mental institution. He let out all his energy onto the drums, with his head moving up and down frantically and arms everywhere, he was so talented. The lead guitarist/vocalist wore a cat suit with zebra print on it and a huge hole from the waist line up to the shoulders so that his torso was on full display. He had shoulder length dark hair, and as he was playing his hair was flying about so freely. His fingers moved up and down the guitar with such elegance and ease, and he seemed to thoroughly enjoy every aspect of the performance. The bassist, on the other hand wasn’t moving much, he looked very serious and was concentrating on his instrument. He played very well, and the bass line was very clear, which was unusual. I was having the time of my life, and I didn’t think the night could get any better, until they played the one song I’d heard by them the week before. It was called ‘Love on the Rocks with No Ice’, and it was played so much better live, than when I had heard it on the television. The crowd loved them, there were people on other people’s shoulders, singing with the band and people were crowd surfing over our heads. The enthusiasm from the crowd was so powerful that it seemed to give me more energy, so I danced and danced for the rest of the set. When the band played their final piece the crowd all shouted for more, nobody wanted the night to end. Eventually the band came back on to the stage and told us we could have one more song. They played what was going to be their next single. It was great, but when the song ended, I knew it was the end of the night. The lights in the hall came on and the atmosphere was diminished. As we wandered out of the hall with the rest of the crowd, I felt overwhelmed with happiness. Ben tried to talk to me but I couldn’t hear him, I’m not sure if it was that the noise from the concert had slightly damaged my ears or whether it was the fact that so many people were talking around us. As we got into the main reception area where t-shirts and posters were being sold frantically, my friends and I began to talk about the concert. Everyone had thoroughly enjoyed the night; the only thing that had gone wrong was that Becka had lost her jacket in the crowd. We all put our money together and bought her a long sleeved top to keep her a little warmer on the walk home. We walked outside, said our goodbyes and went our separate ways. As predicted, the cold wind crept behind me, Becka and Ben, reminding us of its presence every now and again, until we finally reached the warmth of our own homes. How to cite had never been to a concert before, so I was incredibly excited about it, Papers

Billy Wilder free essay sample

Cynicism, femme fatales, violence, love sex in Witness for the Prosecution,[Double Indemnity Sunset Boulevard. Most of Billy Wilders films have a strong aura of cynicism manifested in the actions of the characters and the development of the themes. Witness for the Prosecution (1958) is atypical in some ways it is more isolated in time and place than most of Wilders films because it is a courtroom drama which keeps largely to one setting. Its protagonist is every bit as cynical in his way as the heroes of other Wilder films, such as Double Indemnity (1944) or Sunset Boulevard (1950), and, like those other characters, he is ultimately duped by his own cynical nature. Like many Wilder characters, in fact, the barrister Sir Wilfrid alternates between being an effective practitioner of his particular profession and an observer who is presented with a vision of the actions of someone even more cynical and manipulative than he. We will write a custom essay sample on Billy Wilder or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Why Hunting Should Be Banned free essay sample

Hunting was once considered a test of courage and manhood. Now it is a fight between a predator and a prey, it is just the killing of defenseless animals. This sport that people call hunting is a dangerous thing and it can cause animals’ serious pain. Getting rid of this sport will benefit ourselves as we will keep the balance in nature. Traps are one of the main tools used by hunters to capture animals in the wild that are too evasive. There are many types of traps that hunter use but a common trap is the leg hold trap. This trap holds that animal there while the hunter comes in and kills it. The hunters say its a painless device but I differ in opinion the trap is a claw which has a tremendous amount of power to puncture flesh and even break bone. Sometimes animals even chew off their own leg to escape. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Hunting Should Be Banned or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The instant kill trap that hunters say is a humane way to kill an animal, causing a painless death instead of a painful one. Most of the time the trap actually gets the vital point and kills the target but sometimes it can miss and leave the animal there to die a slow†¦ painful†¦ death. The worst hunting that is practiced is by the richer people, the fact that they can buy exotic or even endangered animals from zoos and wildlife parks. It is very unjust to the animal because it has lost its power to survive after being injured or drugged and is placed as an easy kill. I wouldnt even call this hunting it’s just massacre of animals. Even though hunting should not be a sport, hunting helps maintain a healthy herd and promotes land, wildlife conservation. Because without hunting herds will over populate and become sick from starvation or spread disease. Hunters are a major supporter and play a big part in wildlife management. For instance the deers are over populated and they are running down into cars and streets in suburban landscapes this can be controlled with hunting? I have to disagree with this because reports have said that most of the deers are coming down during hunting season which means that the hunters are the ones that are scaring them down there. Hunting should be stopped before it gets too out of hand as it can lead to animal species to be endangered or even extinct.

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Causes of Connies Tragic End

Joyce Carol Oates is considered to be one of the most captivating authors to choose from. Her novels and short stories introduce numerous themes, which are really significant for both men and women of any age. Her Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? was written in the 1960s as a kind of response to the events in Arizona, connected to the times, when one man raped and killed several girls. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? : Causes of Connie’s Tragic End specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is why realism and real life cruelty are the things, which are inherent to this story and turn out to be really significant points for any time. The interactions, which happen between Arnold Friend and Connie and several rather provoking moments, connected with Connie’s young age, immaturity, and her family’s lack of understanding, lead the story and Connieâ⠂¬â„¢s life to tragic end. Lots of students and ordinary readers find Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? as a really educative story that â€Å"captures so well their own sense of rebellion against their patriarchal mothers, in particular, and family and society in general† (Doll, 94). Lots of young girls try to become independent early than it is really possible; they try to pay the attention of other people to their appearance, their hair cut, and their style, but they do not really comprehend that their behavior is not that appropriate. Connie faces certain problems within her own house: her mother cannot comprehend her daughter’s intentions and compare her with her sister constantly. The mother does not want to search for the necessary way to help her daughter; she just let Connie be more closely to the culture phenomenon and be under a threat to choose a wrong way. â€Å"She was fifteen and she had a quick, nervous giggling habit of craning her neck to gla ce into mirrors or checking other people’s faces to maker her own was all right† (Oates, 25). To my mind, this very age requires thorough attention from parents’ side: a child should feel her relatives care and support. If there is no chance to find such kind of care, the child starts paying attention to numerous real life examples and does not have an opportunity to comprehend what is wrong and what is good. This is why this lack of parents’ comprehension and support is one of the major reasons, which cause Connie’s tragic end. As Connie does not see any support from her family’s side as they â€Å"fail to become involved in a meaningful way in her life† (Seibel, 367), she starts searching for something outside. Arnold Friend turns out to be one of those people, who were eager to provide this little girl with the necessary support. His criminal past and his cruel intentions are not the main reasons, which may lead to the tragic end. T o my mind, they are just the other consequences, which appear as a result of family situation and personal uncertainty. I do agree with the author’s ideas as for the relations between the members of the family. If parents are not able to provide their child with the necessary support, this child may face numerous troubles and unpleasant situations, which lead to the tragic end. With the help of one concrete situation, Joyce Oates demonstrates how one or two misunderstandings may influence the future of a person, the future of a child. Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arnold’s criminal past and his terrible attitude to other people, young ladies in particular, is not the reason that leads to Connie’s tragic end. Connie’s family, parents’ inattentiveness, and teenage culture – these are the major factors, which lead to the tragic end o f the major character of the story under consideration. Works Cited Doll, Mary, A. Like Letters in Running Water: A Mythopoetics of Curriculum. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000. Oates, Joyce, C. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Rutgers University Press, 1994. Seibel, Hugo, R., Guyer, Kenneth, E., Conway, Carolyn, M. Barron’s MCAT: Medical College Admission Test. Barron’s Educational Series, 2008. This essay on Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? : Causes of Connie’s Tragic End was written and submitted by user Mae Roy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Organizational Change in Project Control Department

Executive Summary Organizational change in project control is inevitable because change is the only constant element in project management. This study acknowledges that organizational change can have serious effects in the outcome of projects, in the construction industry because it can lead to increased project costs, poor schedule adherence and poor project quality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change in Project Control Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, this study notes that change management is important in the construction industry and project managers ought to evaluate their alternatives in dealing with the same. Depending on the nature of the construction project, the alternatives for selecting the best change management tool is open, but the criterion is subject to further investigation Introduction Change is often inevitable within any given organizational context . However, managing such change is a big problem and in this regard, organizations often experience a lot of difficulty trying to initiate change within project management processes (Carnegie 2007). This difficulty inhibits a project’s ability to transform from a current state to a future desired state of operations. The initiation of change is often a byproduct of extensive research in a project’s operations, to determine how it can be improved in future processes. In project management, the project manager often has a task of anticipating future changes and developing a contingency plan to establish how the change will affect the organization and what effective ways can be implemented to achieve project success. This study analyses organizational change in project control management and how it has an impact in the outcome of the construction industry. Organizational Problem The construction industry has for a long time remained a project-based industry (Hao, Shen and Neelamkavil 2008). In this regard, the construction industry has been subject to project management processes, such as risk assessment; planning cost estimation; bidding and similar project management processes (Collins 1998). Regardless of these processes, decisions about the construction project still have to be made, based on incomplete information regarding the project management process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This fact often subjects project management in the construction industry to several changes; and in this regard, change stands out as the common denominator in many construction project management processes (despite the varying scope and complexity of construction projects) (Kotter 1996). In this regard, the construction industry has often experienced several project changes, brought about by changing technology, changing consumer needs and the likes (Li entz 2001). Often, these changes are unanticipated, and they have severe effects on the project management process, in form of project delays, an upsurge of project costs, poor quality of construction standards and the likes. In fact, it is estimated that reworking a project to remedy the effects of an unplanned change can cause an increase of between 10% and 15% of the construction costs (Kotter 1996). Such project eventualities normally cause dissatisfaction to project clients and this fact cannot be better explained, than through the assertion by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, U.K. that: â€Å"More than a third of major clients are dissatisfied with contractors’ performance in keeping to the quoted price and to time, resolving defects, and delivering a final product of the required quality† (Kotter 1996, p. 1). The above institution further goes ahead to explain that: â€Å"the clients’ dissatisfaction is due to the fact that, over 50% o f construction projects suffer from delays and over-spending, while more than 30% of the completed projects have quality defects. Furthermore, some 30% of construction is rework† (Kotter 1996, p. 1). From the above assertions, we see that changes in construction project management have been poorly managed because of the high frequency of technology change and the complexity and messiness of the construction industry (Schwalbe 2009). In support of this fact, existing literature on project change management often cite the complexity of the construction industry, as demanding a blend of several strategies to effectively manage change (Ross Consulting Inc 2009). For example, some literatures propose that change in the construction industry cannot be solely solved through collaborative problem solving (Kotter 1996).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change in Project Control Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this analysis, we see that there is a need for effective project change management in the construction industry. This study therefore seeks to establish how best such change management can be developed and implemented. Strategic Issues and Organizational Change The issue of knowledge sharing in organizational project change control has been advanced as a change management tool (Senaratne and Sexton 2008, p. 1303). Whenever organizations are faced with the problem of change management, the common strategy advanced among project managers today, is to facilitate knowledge sharing, where people have a forum to deliberate on the implications of the project change, and devise ways they can effectively overcome such changes (Reed 2004). The management of change in the construction industry has not been any different from the above trend; except for the fact that, pragmatic on site problem solving is applied, as opposed to other conventional methods of problem solv ing. Unfortunately, this strategy has been poorly adopted by most managers in the construction industry (Senaratne and Sexton 2008, p. 1303). A good example of organizational change in the construction industry is the rapid change of organizational structure, where new methods of operations are quickly being evidenced in the management of project construction works (Kuriger 2004). For instance, new activities such as: the extension of the subcontracting chain; more self employment strategies among project team members; less training programs in the project management process and the rampant casualization of work have tremendously changed the way project management is carried out, and it is unfortunate that, project managers have not embraced these changes with the right strategies (Rosewarne 2011). A strategy such as knowledge sharing is a useful strategy to cope with such organizational changes, but other alternatives still exist (De wit and Meyer 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion and Recommendations This study acknowledges that, the construction industry is not immune to organizational change, and if such changes are not effectively managed, they can cause significant delays in the delivery of project outcomes. However, the ways to manage such changes are diverse and may be tricky for each project manager, depending on the dynamics of the construction project in question. This is the basis used by this study to propose effective change management strategies, like knowledge-based processes. However, there are other strategies to be used in change management for the construction industry and they can be effectively used to minimize the negative effects of organizational (or project) changes in the construction industry. However, to adopt the best change management tool, a thorough selection of the existent change management tools ought to be established, to determine the best tool that fits the project need (Grant 2007). This strategy should be adop ted by all project managers. The effectiveness of the change management strategies and their subsequent impact on the outcome of the construction industry however need to be investigated further. References Carnegie, D. (2007) How To Win Friends And Influence People. South Dakota, vermillion. Collins, D. (1998) Organizational Change: Sociological Perspectives. London, Routledge. De wit, B. and Meyer, R. (2005) Strategy Synthesis: Resolving Strategy Paradoxes to  Crete Competive Advantage. London, Thomson. Grant, R.M. (2007) Contemporary Strategic Analysis. Oxford, Blackwell. Hao, Q., Shen, W. and Neelamkavil, J. (2008) Managing Changes in Construction. (Online) Web. Kotter, J (1996) Leading Change. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business Press. Kuriger, C. (2004) Organizational Change: Case Studies in the Real World. New York, Universal-Publishers. Lientz, B. (2001) Breakthrough Technology Project Management. London, Butterworth- Heinemann. Reed, P. (2004) Extraordinary Leadership: Creati ng Strategies for Change. London, Kogan Page. Rosewarne, S. (2011) Organizational Change in Australian Building and  Construction: Rethinking a Unilinear ‘Leaning’ Discourse. (Online) Available at:  https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/conmgt/v27y2009i11p1111-1128.html . Ross Consulting Inc. (2009) Managing Organizational Change. (Online) Available at:  http://www.ross-consulting.com/new_page_21.htm . Schwalbe, K. (2009) Information Technology Project Management. London, Cengage Learning. Senaratne, S. and Sexton, M. (2008) Managing Construction Project Change: A Knowledge Management Perspective. Construction Management and Economics, 26, 1303–1311. This essay on Organizational Change in Project Control Department was written and submitted by user Selah Vang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Revelation by Flannery OConnor

When I finished reading â€Å"Revelation† by Flannery O’Connor I began to realize the importance of the title. The definition of a revelation is to uncover, unveil, or to discover and that is exactly what took place in this specific short story. A revelation is not merely a word a character continuously says but a life lesson that is taught to a character. It was the main character, Mrs. Turpin, who was taught in such a bizarre way what a cruel person she is that it initially shocked me. However, as a reader I found the literary element of foreshadowing used when Mrs. Turpin replies, â€Å"I thank the Lord he has blessed me with a good one(disposition). The day has never dawned that I couldn’t find something to laugh at.†(O’Connor Page 315) When Mrs. Turpin and her husband, Claud, had to remain in the waiting room the very first thing that Mrs. Turpin did was question the doctor for charging five dollars a patient and not having a â€Å"decent size waiting room.† The next thing she did was harshly judge the other patients including an older lady, a â€Å"white-trash woman† and a cruel depiction of an eighteen year old girl, Mary Grace. The narrator says, â€Å"The poor girl’s face was blue with acne and Mrs. Turpin thought how pitiful it was to have a face like that at that age.† Mrs. Turpin does rude things such as occupy herself at night by naming the classes of people and question who she would be if she couldn’t be herself, having to choose from a poor white citizen or an African American. Mrs. Turpin doesn’t understand that she isn’t the only person who can judge until she notices Mary Grace trying to single her out by starring at her and rolling her eyes. Mrs. Turpin is astonished and says, â€Å"It was the ugliest face she had ever seen anyone make and for a moment she was certain that the girl had made it at her.† Shortly after Mary Grace threw the text book she was reading about Human Develop... Free Essays on Revelation by Flannery O'Connor Free Essays on Revelation by Flannery O'Connor When I finished reading â€Å"Revelation† by Flannery O’Connor I began to realize the importance of the title. The definition of a revelation is to uncover, unveil, or to discover and that is exactly what took place in this specific short story. A revelation is not merely a word a character continuously says but a life lesson that is taught to a character. It was the main character, Mrs. Turpin, who was taught in such a bizarre way what a cruel person she is that it initially shocked me. However, as a reader I found the literary element of foreshadowing used when Mrs. Turpin replies, â€Å"I thank the Lord he has blessed me with a good one(disposition). The day has never dawned that I couldn’t find something to laugh at.†(O’Connor Page 315) When Mrs. Turpin and her husband, Claud, had to remain in the waiting room the very first thing that Mrs. Turpin did was question the doctor for charging five dollars a patient and not having a â€Å"decent size waiting room.† The next thing she did was harshly judge the other patients including an older lady, a â€Å"white-trash woman† and a cruel depiction of an eighteen year old girl, Mary Grace. The narrator says, â€Å"The poor girl’s face was blue with acne and Mrs. Turpin thought how pitiful it was to have a face like that at that age.† Mrs. Turpin does rude things such as occupy herself at night by naming the classes of people and question who she would be if she couldn’t be herself, having to choose from a poor white citizen or an African American. Mrs. Turpin doesn’t understand that she isn’t the only person who can judge until she notices Mary Grace trying to single her out by starring at her and rolling her eyes. Mrs. Turpin is astonished and says, â€Å"It was the ugliest face she had ever seen anyone make and for a moment she was certain that the girl had made it at her.† Shortly after Mary Grace threw the text book she was reading about Human Develop...

My Antonia Effects of Landscape Essays

My Antonia Effects of Landscape Essays My Antonia Effects of Landscape Essay My Antonia Effects of Landscape Essay Nebraska prairie Is a vehicle for opportunity and opposition. Jim Burden and Antonio Chimeras lives are direct descendants of this dualism that Inhabits the parallel, and decisively creates the adolescently between the two friends. Although only a few miles separated Jim from Antonio, the landscape of the united States made the two strangers. The Nebraska prairie may have been the only medium in which Jim would have ever met Antonio. Jims character represents all that Notations lacks. Their similarity is that both are traveling through foreign lands to start a new life. The deference is that Jims ticket Is paid for. From the beginning of the novel Will Catcher sets up a clear adolescently between the statuses of Jim and Antonio. Antonio Is an Immigrant and speaks an inadequate amount of English. This isolates her and her family from the new life theyre trying to establish. Jim is a citizen and is moving out to a land that has been established by his grandparents. The Chimeras have been uprooted from their homeland to start a new existence from scratch. Jim came from a productive farm in Virginia, while the Shimmered came from an unyielding life In Bohemia. T. T. 2 The expansive plains of Nebraska was instrumental In bringing together these polar classes in that it deposited the two families side by side. Land in My Antonio, is associated with power. On the train to Black Hawk, the conductor makes reference to a family from over the water traveling to the same destination as Jim. His companion, Jake, said you were likely to get diseases from foreigners (10). This reference directly implies that the Shimmered are Indecent, and not of the same caste as Jim; an American citizen. The phrase, over the water Is another way of saying, not from our soil or not an American. This pillories natives from foreigners, and puts a stigma on immigrants as being irregular. The Burdens have been instituted in the united States for many generations. The fact that Jims grandparents speak perfect English represents their establishment in the United States. In turn, the Burdens had secured a life on the farm In Black Hawk for many years. For the Burdens, land has become a metaphor for wealth. They broke the untamed Nebraska prairie long before Jim came to live with them. Their partnership tit work and the land has yielded them a secure livelihood. This establishment has made the Burdens successful. The Nebraska prairie has afforded them a wooden home among a sod community. Their comforts include proper tools, a productive garden, and a variety of provisions. They are able to furnish hired hands which makes the farm more efficient and fruitful. The Burdens abundance Is T. T. 3 evidence of teller progress In refining the land. The Shimmered raw existence in the beginning of the novel is symbolic of the disadvantages a first generation family had to endure. Nebraska) was not a country at all, but the material out of which countries are made (17). Mr.. Shimmered became part of this material as the wide open prairie swallowed his life savings and his very existence. Nebraska was a regression from the life the Shimmered held in Eastern Europe. Since teen move to Anoraks In ten late summer teen were delayed in breaking any ground or securing a decent dwelling. The family had been swindled as they had to put their faith into the hands of a stranger, who gave them shoddy real estate. This meant that they would have little sustenance over the long inter. The Chimeras entered a habitat in which they were entirely on their own. The barren landscape of Nebraska was not prejudice in dictating who would endure. By contrast, the land for Jim was a metaphor for opportunity. Since he had entered into a world of prosperity, Jim was able to cultivate his mind. Jim did not contribute to the operation of the farm. His role in life was very clear in that he was to be the further product of his grandparents labor. Jim was the produce of the Nebraska farmland that the Burdens had worked so hard to establish. His toil would e in the classroom to capitalize on what had been handed to him. The act of getting an education is also the method of enhancing ones T. T 4 social standing. Throughout history, manual labor has been in association with the lower class. Living in the country was symbolic of being a part of the lower class because it involved fieldwork and farming; the most toilsome professions. In this case, the Burdens act of moving into town was symbolic of advancing up the class ladder because they physically removed themselves from the field. In this regard, land was a means of establishing a hierarchy. With this shift from pastoral to urban the differences between Jim and Antonio become magnified. Even though, in the country Jims status was clearly distinguished amidst Notations; the move from the country to Black Hawk was the move from raw to refinement. Jims move to the city was an enhancement in his life. He would go too better school and begin preparing himself for a college education. Antonio would work long hours breaking sod and building a better farm, trying to improve the yield from last years harvest. Jim works indoors with a pencil while Antonio works outdoors with a plow. The Burdens retire and the Shimmered begin. Notations act of moving into town illustrates her awareness between the distinctions of living in the country and living in the city. Although, Antonio has begun to see a change in her life for the better; she goes to town to enjoy a laid back existence of working indoors, making friends, and having her fling at the dances (143). Antonio takes this time T. T. 5 seriously because she knows it will be a rare moment in her life that she wont have to struggle. In the same respect, Antonio doesnt take this time seriously because she knows it isnt authentic. It is only temporary because she hasnt paid her dues. Notations life is in strong contrast to Jims, but when Antonio moves to Black Hawk Jim begins to finally understand their differences. Jims role has been rather feminizes as he doesnt work a day of manual labor in his life. Jim has been sheltered by privileges and his families assets. Nations role is emasculated as her skin is tan and she has muscles. She takes on a stereotypical male personification because she has been a provider and bread winner for her family. While the two lived in the country, Jim was naive concerning the roles he and his neighbor Antonio ere developing. Antonio was to be a pioneer and he himself was to be an accomplished student. Antonio sees Jims Tie as moldable, out seen does not see Jim as worthy AT admiration. This is because Antonio romanticizes hard work. She is not ashamed of her robust role because she sees farming as wholesome and honest. Antonio has had an intimate relationship with working the land and, in turn, the land has given back to Antonio the foundation of a better life. Notations world revolves around work and she does not see Jims academic life as one with toil. This is the primary reason he does not find Jim as an eligible suitor. T. T. 6 In the end, Jims opportune life carried him far away from Antonio. Like the prairie converted into farmland, Jim was refined from country school to an alumni of Harvard Law School. Notations relationship with the land is symbolized by her large family as she embodies the fertile earth. Jims act of visiting Antonio at her farm outside of Black Hawk reinstates the power of the Nebraska prairie. It illustrates two distinctly different crops of the same land that have both flourished from the Nebraska soil.

What are the tradeoffs between relational and object-oriented Essay

What are the tradeoffs between relational and object-oriented databases and database management systems - Essay Example This section also outlines tradeoffs between relational, object-oriented databases and database management systems. RDBMSs (Relational Database Management Systems) have been offering excellent services and benefits to their users; however this achievement is incomplete as well as limited to only some kinds of applications. In view of the fact that the business clients adopt latest versions of systems, as well as develop to previous ones, their efforts to make use of RDBMS come across the "Relational Wall," where RDBMS technology is no longer capable to offer the functionality and services required by the users. Additionally, users face this barrier when they try to enlarge information models to sustain associations among data, novel data types, extensible data types, and straight support of data objects. In the same way, the barrier can take place when implementing database in distributed environments through complicated processes. On the other hand, attempts to resolve these issues with relational technology cause an explosion of tables, a lot of joins, deprived performance, unfortunate scalability as well as loss of integrity. Thus, ODBMSs present a path further than the wall (Objectivity, Inc., 2005). Additionally, the emergence of new generation of Relational Database Management Systems has offered a lot of advantages to clients. These advantages comprise unplanned query, self-governing data from logical application, and a variety of front-end GUI (graphical user interface) systems. In addition, it has also offered many business applications, as well as the business sector has expended to over $4B yearly, comprising tools. There is a question that why we should look beyond RDBMSs? We should perform so simply when essential to capability and support of new types of systems, new associations, distribution, media data types as well as scalability. In reality, the majority of systems and applications have never made use of RDBMSs, and a lot of applications that have utilized RDMBS are now searching for other options, like that ODBMSs (Objectivity, Inc., 2005). In addition, the relational databases have offered a high-quality service in a lot of customary database systems. Despite the fact that, in many scenarios for instance when it is complicated to deal with information, or when superior efficiency is needed (i.e. objects having anonymous identifiers, or objects going from one type to another, etc.), or when we need to manage non-conventional data (such as images, long texts, etc.), additional techniques need to be implemented. Normally, these techniques include object-oriented or semantic databases. Additionally, the semantic database models are object oriented database models. Moreover, they present, a variety of levels, a lot of characteristics of semantic models, in the form of conceptual information, as well as, purify a number of behavioral characteristics of the data (Rishe, 2010). However, if a RDBMS can resolve our problems without numerous efforts as well as offers the required results, efficiency and scalability then there is no need to utilize an ODBMS. If some of the below given situations are convened then we should think about using ODBMS. Belo w are some of the important reasons that require us to make use of RDBMS: (Objectivity, Inc., 2011) Complicated Relationships: If we are having numerous many-to-many relationships in our database, tree arrangements or network (graph) formations (Objectivity, Inc., 2011). Complicated Data Arrangement: If the data has numerous changeable length parts, such as arrays of structures, multi-dimensional arrays or binary streams (Objectivity, In

Martin Luther King's I Have a Dream speech Essay

Martin Luther King's I Have a Dream speech - Essay Example But that is not what was desired by Martin Luther King. The purpose of the speech was to demand equality and justice for African Americans. What makes the speech remarkable is its content and the passion with which it was delivered. Before the success of American Civil Rights Movement the condition of blacks in America was deplorable. They didn’t have equal rights and were discriminated against because of the color of their skin. The whole movement was triggered by small resistances such as that of Rosa Parks. On 1st December 1955, she refused to give up her seat for a white man. As a consequence of her refusal action was taken against her and she lost her job. This incident created a furor in the black community. Martin Luther King was a great admirer of non-violence. He was greatly inspired by Gandhi and wanted to campaign for his people’s rights in a non-violent manner. He indeed visited India in 1959 and was impressed by the way Indians had fought for Independence with non-violent methods (Ramdin, 2004). After the speech, Martin Luther King cemented his position has one of the greatest political orators of all time. It is a lesser known fact that much of the speech was an improvisation. There was an original speech and it was present right before him on the podium. But after sensing the mood and sentiments of the people and on encouragement from Mahalia Jackson, Martin Luther King decided to touch their hearts. He spoke from his heart about the pain of African Americans and how they felt under the oppressive laws. He spoke about his dream of seeing black and white people living together in harmony. The dream stretched far beyond the present times and touched the future generations as he dreamed about black and white kids playing together and going to school together. Many experts believe that after this speech Martin Luther King became the most powerful person in America at that time. He was the founder of Southern Christian

Critique of an article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique of an - Article Example In connection to this, the author clearly expounded on the two points in the text of his article as outlined in the introduction. The study was carried out to further expound on types of leadership styles that crop within self-managed teams. In achieving this, the author used individuals of almost the same age in the study in order to minimize errors as much as possible. The experimental method used in carrying out the study included 80 randomly selected students in 20 experimental groups (Solansky, 2008). Control variables were also used to represent possible variations. In addition, the information about the samples and what each sample was supposed to have was also provided in order to enhance the success of the experiment. The data collected was based on the observations the instructor made on each group as well as the surveys that were filled by team members. Additionally, analysis of variance was employed in testing leadership processes between teams practicing shared leadership and teams that depend on one leader (Solansky, 2008). All these methods provided detailed information that justified the hypotheses of the research. This was evidenced by the tables that were provided to show mean differences. The findings showed that teamwork enhances competence as well as transaction of ideas when leadership is shared. This was also evidenced in the text of the article as well as on the tables provided. The limitations of the research that was carried were also discussed because of the possible challenges associated with the laboratory environment on the samples. Among the challenges included the possibility of teams facing management problems as a result of controlling individuals with different perspectives. In addition to this, the use of a small sample was also a limitation to the study; it increased the likelihood of occurrence of many errors (Solansky, 2008). Apart from the conclusion of the article matching

The Effect of an Ageing Population ans its Effect on a Nation's Health Research Paper

The Effect of an Ageing Population ans its Effect on a Nation's Health Care System - Research Paper Example The demand for a nations healthcare services is directly linked to its population. As such, between 1980 to 2007, the population of the US grew by an average of 1.1% per year. Thus, the population grew from around 227 million in 1980 to 302 million in 2007. A simple extrapolation based on current growth trends will put the US population at around 440 million by 2050 (refer to figure 1.1). It is not simply the size of the population but also its composition that is very important, especially the percentage of the senior population. According to the 2000 census, the population of 65-and-older was estimated to be 35 million in the US. This translates to around 12.7 % of the total population but will rise to almost 20% of the population by 2050. As the population grows older, the health care system will face higher demand since senior citizens suffer from more chronic illness and require more medical attention than any other age group (refer to figure 1.3). In other words, the higher the price (sacrifice) the fewer people will be willing to purchase it. This also applies the other way around: the more people are willing to obtain a good or service, the more they are willing to sacrifice or pay. However, changes in the price of a good will result in a change along the demand curve while other factors (such as aging of the population) will push the demand curve to the right. Demand itself, its determined by various factors such as the price of the product, the price of substitutes and alternatives, consumers income, consumer’s tastes, and other individual and environmental factors. Â  

Analysis of Images of Organization by Gareth Morgan Essay - 1

Analysis of Images of Organization by Gareth Morgan - Essay Example I) He explains that ‘Metaphor is inherently paradoxical in nature and has far-reaching consequences. One major problem that faces modern management today is our mechanical way of thinking about organizations, that is so deeply rooted in us, that we find it find it very difficult to organize things in any other way. In Chapter 2, (Morgan, 2006, pg. 11) enlightens us on how labor became revolutionized and how machines took command in the workplace. In ancient times work was carried out in a very laborious way, making use of only manual labor. As time passed and people became more civilized they began making tools to assist them in their work. Nowadays, Mechanization has taken over every area of work making it much more easy for us than it was in ancient times. Productivity has increased a thousand fold because of the great transition from being a craft to factory production. (Morgan, 2006, pg. 11) However, in the course of this revolutionization in work culture, we have to bear the assault made on the human spirit. We have adapted ourselves to the machine age and have come to use machines as a metaphor for ourselves and the society at large because we have to mold ourselves according to mechanical principles that have become part and parcel of our lives. Gareth Morgan, in chapter 3 of Organization as Flux and Transformation explains the importance of an ‘Open System’ that involves a continuous cycle of transformation, input, output and constructive feedback. In order to achieve such a harmonious working atmosphere, it is imperative to maintain healthy relationships between the environment and the internal functioning of the organization. Referring to Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, Morgan argues that their opinions on the ‘Open system’ differ as they feel that ‘all living systems are organizationally closed, autonomous systems of interaction that make reference only to themselves.†

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Microeconomics - Essay Example The nation with the greatest income disparity associated with inequality is Great Britain (Economist, 2007). Having equity in a system is very important. Equity is relative to the size of the family nucleus. A family with an income of $40,000 with six members has a lower standard of living than a single person with the same income. The importance about balance is that it has helped transform the United States into a society in which unity exists due to the existence of equity. In any system in which inequality a way to change the nation faith is by emphasising in the nation’s educational system. Those who waited for the reward that comes with education will have more opportunities that those who are not in a position to do the same and achieve a higher educational status such as a bachelors or a masters degree. In the village depicted in the story Patient Capital (2007) the Indian tribe members were witness of inequality rising within their communities due to a variety of factors. One of the most influential factors for the appearance of inequality among the Indian members was education levels. Most of the society did not have opportunities for college education due to family and village responsibilities which were necessary for the survival of a group of people living in very high levels of poverty. The educated member of the tribe gain much more wealth than the rest of the members. In the United its agriculture trajectory is good example how a group of people was able to evolve its economy by switching from agriculture model to a manufacturing and service economy. Such an economy is better able to provide greater levels of income which improve standard of living of the people. There are many persons in the US who have struggled to break the barriers of inequality. In systems such as the United States prior to the civil movements of the 1960’s or in South Africa prior to the elimination of apartheid in 1994

Best Actor Academy Awards Film Studies Essay

Best Actor Academy Awards Film Studies Essay He is one of the best actors in the world. Known for his careful choice of his parts, he has acted in only 20 movies. However, he was nominated for 5 Academy Awards and he won 3 Best Actor Academy Awards which casted a shadow on the Hollywood greats DeNiro, Nicholson, Pacino etc. Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis was born on April 29, 1957 in London. His father, Cecile Day-Lewis, although half-Irish, lived in England for most of his life. Four years before his death, he was named the United Kingdom s Poet Laureate (Nicolas Blake). His mother, Jill Balcon was a Jewish actress. His maternal grandfather was a very important person in the history of British cinematography. He had artistic genes from every branch of the family. His older sister Tamasin Day-Lewis is a documentarian. They moved to Greenwich when he was 2. His father was 53 when Daniel was born and he never showed interest in his children. He died when Daniel was 15 which caused great emotional insecurity with the teenage Daniel. Living in Greenwich, which was known as a tough part of London, he was surrounded by poor and troubled kids. He was considered a Posh Jew-Irish, so he was often bullied. When he was an adolescent he became an expert in the local accent and behaviour, so he claimed that these were the very beginnings of his acting career. Later, he spoke of his teenage self as very much a disorderly character in his younger years, often in trouble for shoplifting and other petty crimes  [1]   In 1968 he was sent to a boarding school because his parents thought he was too wild. Even though memories from that school werent particularly nice, he discovered his greatest passions: fishing, woodworking and acting. His acting debut was in a play where he played a black kid and his first film was Sunday, Bloody Sunday, when he was 14. Although he was uncredited and the part was really insignificant (he was a vandal), he described this as heaven because he was given  £2 to destroy fancy cars. When he was 18 he decided he had to choose a profession. Although he was a member of National Youth Theatre he decided to become a carpenter. He applied for a five-year apprenticeship but, fortunately, he was rejected due to his lack of experience. After that he joined the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School which he attended for three years. Daniel threw himself fully into the craft of drama. In 1982, 11 years after his film debut, he acted in Academy Award winning Gandhi (1982), but the part was small. After that he joined the Royal Shakespearean Company playing Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and Flute in A Midsummer Night Dream. This was followed by a role of a punk homosexual in My beautiful Laundrette, theater version of Dracula and A Room with a View (1986) featuring Helena Bonham Carter. One of his first important roles was the one of a Czech surgeon Tomas in the Philip Kaufmans adaptation of Kunderas Unbearable Lightness of Being (1987) with Juliette Binoche and Lena Olin. The interesting fact about this movie is that during the eight months he spent in Prague, he learnt Czech and for the first time he refused to break character off set throughout the entire shooting. This was considered extremely eccentric at that point, but it was only the beginning for Daniel. I dont rehearse at all in film if I can help it. In talking a character through, you define it. And if you define it, you kill it dead. The eccentricity reached its climax for the first time in 1989 with the part of Christy Brown in Jim Sheridans My Left Foot. My Left Foot is actually a book, an autobiography of Christy Brown who had suffered from cerebral paralysis for his entire life and the only part of his body he could move was his left foot. He began painting and eventually became extremely famous. The first part of preparation for the role included frequent visits to a clinic in Dublin where he was in touch with people with various disabilities and he even formed friendship with a few, some of whom couldnt even speak. His version of the so called method acting began developing in this particular movie. Again, he refused to break character which was more difficult in this situation. Off-set he constantly used the wheelchair, insisted on being spoon-fed and he had to be carried around constantly because he wanted to experience all aspects of Christy Browns life, especially shame and anger which he depicted perfectly in the film. He broke two ribs on the set due to hunched-over position in the wheelchair. He won numerous rewards for this part including his first Best Actor Academy Award. In 1989 he returned to theater for the part of Hamlet, however he collapsed on stage in the middle of the scene where Hamlet sees the ghost of his father. The rumor has it that he saw the ghost of his own father which he later confirmed. He hasnt worked in the theater ever since. In 1992, The Last of the Mohicans followed. The film was neither a success nor a particularly good film, however, his preparations were as always interesting. He underwent a very difficult diet and he lived in the forest isolated from the rest. He was hunting and fishing for survival, he learnt to build canoes, skin animals and carried the rifle all the time. Four years after My Left Foot, he started a new cooperation with Jim Sheridan on his new film In the Name of the Father. He played Gerry Conlon, a member of the Guildford Four who were accused and convicted as bombers and the members of the IRA who spent 15 years in prison for the crime they didnt commit. He kept his accent off set and spent a lot of time in a cell. On his request, he was constantly thrown cold water at and insulted. He was nominated for an Oscar but lost to Tom Hanks, ironically for the part he was offered. He moved to County Wicklow in 1993 and assumed Irish citizenship. In 1993 he began working with Martin Scorsese on The Age of Innocence with Winona Ryder and Michelle Pfeiffer. He wore clothing from the 19th century for two months and walked around New York City wearing a top hat, a cane and a cape in extremely cold weather. In 1996 he started working with Arthur Miller on The Crucible. He met his wife-to -be, Millers daughter, Rebecca, whom he married a year later. He currently lives on a 50-acre farm in Ireland, with his wife and children Ronan Cal, 14, and Cashel Blake, 10. From a previous relationship with a French actress Isabelle Adjani he has a son, Gabriel Kane, 17. She claims that he broke up with here by fax when she told him she was pregnant. That is pretty much the only gossip you can find on Daniel Day-Lewis. He returned to Jim Sheridan in The Boxer (1996) with the part of a former boxer and IRA member. He prepared intensely, he was training twice a day for more than six months with the former boxing world champion Barry McGuigan who said that Daniel could turn pro. He had his nose broken during the filming. He wanted to retire, so he moved to Florence and decided to return to his old love woodworking. However, he became interested in another craft, cobblery. He became an apprentice and for the next 4 years no one knows where he actually was. When asked, he stated that it was a period of my life that I had a right to, without any intervention of that kind.  [2]   Martin Scorseses Gangs of New York (2002) was his great comeback. He was persuaded by DiCaprio to take the part. Actually, he has lured to New York on false pretenses and eventually accepted the part of Bill the Butcher, who, ironically, hates the Irish. He began his usual preparation for the character which included apprenticeship at the butchers. He was constantly listening to Eminem to get angry. While he was filming, he never broke character, he kept Bills New York accent. At one point he got very sick because he refused to wear a coat, that would be breaking the rules they didnt wear warmer coats in the 19th century. After being diagnosed with pneumonia and still refusing to wear a coat he had to seek treatment. He was nominated for an Oscar again. After the Gangs, he acted on his wifes film The Ballad of Jack and Rose (2005), which received mixed reviews, but the interesting fact is that he lived in a hut on a beach, separated from his family to experience the emotions of his character. In 2007, his role of the psychotic and misanthropic Daniel Plainview in There will be Blood brought him 23 awards including his second Best Actor Academy Award. His portrayal was listed in top 10 of the best performances ever. In 2009 he decided to accept the role of Guido Contini in a somewhat different film from his usual ones, the Rob Marshalls musical Nine, featuring Marion Cotillard, Penelope Cruz, Nicole Kidmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.He was nominated for a Golden Globe and many other awards despite the fact the movie wasnt a huge success . In 2010 it was announced that Daniel Day-Lewis would definitely play Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielbergs Lincoln. The idea of this project existed for 10 years, however Daniel refused the part because it was completely preposterous for him to even think of him as Lincoln. Nevertheless, he was persuaded by Spielberg and yet again began his intense preparations for the part. He asked Spielberg for a year that was necessary for the preparation that included reading over 100 books on Lincoln, cooperation with make-up artists that achieved an excellent physical resemblance. He worked on the voice of Lincoln for a long time and when he finally came up with the final version, he sent the tape to Spielberg in a box with a scull on it so Spielberg would be the only person to hear it before the beginning of the shooting. The film was nominated for 7 Golden Globes and 12 Oscars including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. It was also a huge commercial success, grossing 220 million dol lars worldwide. Although the film didnt win any of the major Academy Awards, Daniel won both Golden Globe and Academy Award. He thus became the only actor in history to win three Best Actor Academy Awards. He was asked who he would like to play next and he replied: I cant think of anyone right now because I need to lie down for a couple of years. No, I cant think of any. I really cant, no. Its hard to imagine doing anything after this.  [3]   After this part he said he definitely needed rest so, knowing him, who knows when he would return to the set? I begin with a sense of mystery. In other words, I am intrigued by a life that seems very far removed from my own. And I have a sense of curiosity to discover that life and maybe change places with it for a while. If I werent allowed this outlet, there wouldnt be a place for me in society. I suppose I have a highly developed capacity for self-delusion, so its no problem for me to believe Im somebody else. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis http://www.biography.com/people/daniel-day-lewis-9268727 http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/going-out/film/10-fascinating-facts-daniel-day-lewis-1731301 http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000358/bio

Situation Of Persons With Disabilities In Pakistan

Situation Of Persons With Disabilities In Pakistan Although there is no widely accepted definition of persons with disabilities, twodefinitions can be found in the National Policy for Special Education in Pakistan: Disability means the lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner that is considered to be normal. A person with disabilities means a person who, on account of injury, disease, or congenital deformity, is handicapped in undertaking any gainful profession or employment, and includes persons who are visually impaired, hearing impaired, and physically and mentally disabled. The 1 998 Population Census defined the term disability as, Any restrictionor lack (resulting from an impairment) of the ability to perform an activity in themanner and within the range considered normal for a human being. Impairmentmeans any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or functional. According to the census for 1998, there are 3,286,630 people with disabilityconstituting 2.54 per cent of the population (Bureau of Statistics, 1998). Thefigure is underestimated, as the definition of disability did not include moderateand mild disability. Data collectors for the census were not trained to identify andclassify all forms of disability. Disability has often been regarded as a peripheral issue in discussions onhealth services. Despite a number of progressive policies included in thePakistans Constitution that declares equal rights for all, disabled people are stillregarded in the main as an insignificant minority. In the health sector particularly,they are regarded as cases to be cured, tailing which they are referred towelfare for care. I he denial of human rights, and the exclusion andmarginalization of disabled people is manifested in many forms within the healthsector. To date in Pakistan, services for disabled people have been based on anunderstanding of disability as individual pathology, the disabled person beingseen as a problem to be corrected. Its development can be traced to the greatstrides in medical science and technology, which led many to believe that dysfunction, could be explained through rational scientific argument; the cause of any condition regarded as abnormal being attributed to the malfunction of a physiological system. Pathology thus provided the means by which dis-ability could be distinguished from able-bodiedness, abnorrnality from normality. Disability as malfunction has since grown to be seen as a specialized health problem, at the heart of which is an emphasis on clinical diagnosis. Consequently the aim of medical rehabilitation is to assist the individual to be as normal as possible. in traditional societies such as Pakistan where education is low and economic development has not taken off, any disability among household members is normally concealed, especially disabilities acquired from birth or those developed soon thereafter. Intellectual disabilities and physical deformities arc perceived as stigmata since their existence could jeopardize the family name, which becomes especially important in societies with extended Families. The existence of any disability related to psychological concerns that results From congenital antecedents is considered a serious threat to a familys social status. The familys concern is related to the social discrimination that other people would likely demonstrate, which in the view of the family concerned justifies concealing the existence of such offspring. Another reason why family events relating to disabilities are concealed relates to the exchange phenomenon in marriages, especially on the bridegrooms side. The fear that other children in the family concerned may also carry genes which could adversely affect their progeny means that parents often will not reveal that such a person exists in the family, since it would be difficult For them to find spouses for their other, non-disabled children. Such fears are much greater fur families that are socially mobile or who have a relatively higher social status. The Religious/Moral model is historically the oldest and is less prevalent today. However, there are many segment of society in Pakistan that associate disability with sin and shame, and disability is often associated with feelings of guilt, even if such feelings are not overtly based in religious doctrine. For the individual with a disability, this model is particularly burdensome. This model has been associated with shame on the entire family with a member with a disability. Families have hidden away the disabled family member, keeping them out of school and excluded from any chance at having a meaningful role in society. Even in less extreme circumstances, this model has resulted in general social ostracism and self-hatred. In poverty-stricken developing society, like Pakistan, where additional hands are always needed to assist with family work, thereby supplementing family income, the existence of a person with a disability is considered a curse orunfortunate fate for the family concerned. The loss of family labor in addition to the diversion of family resources to care for the needs of a child with a disability usually results in additional fertility to offset the loss of that childs potential contributions to family income. The assumed need for having additional children could lead to reproduction within a short interval to neutralize potential social pressure and possible social sanctions. In following this line of reasoning, the cause of the original congenital disability and the potentially adverse consequences of another pregnancy on maternal health are relegated to a position of lower importance than the need for reproduction. In societies lacking social norms and institutions that should provide family support in terms of the socialization and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, families are put under extra pressure owing to the heavy demands on their time to make up for this lack of support. The presence of a disabled person in a family is thus considered a life-long problem, because the person concerned is expected to remain always dependent on other family members for support. In addition, the person with a disability represents a loss of productive potential in terms of society. The social pressure to bear additional children who can help to support such disabled persons leads to enlargement of the dependent population. Further, in their haste to respond to social pressures, couples usually ignore the possibility of giving birth to yet other children with congenital disabilities. These attitudes are among the complex sociological perspectives involved in treating the subject of disabilities. of consider these facts, The Tragedy/Charity Model is still exists in Pakistan which actually casts the disabled person forever in the poor unfortunate role, It emphasizes and encourages dependence on others rather than independence one might say it is a form of killing with kindness since if this is taken to extremes the disabled person may lose those life skills they had and become increasingly dependent. The disabled person is represented as brave and admirable solely because they live with their impairment, an object of pity and the focus of attempts to extort money from others in order to address the persons extensive and expensive needs. There is little or no recognition of the potential for independence or of the role of the disabled person in selecting the services they need or want. however, important changes were to occur with the evolvement of the modern era profoundly influenced by the enlightenment. One of the difficulties likely to be encountered is the negative impression created by the very widespread presence of disabled persons, whether neighborsor relatives, for whom no rehabilitative treatment is available. The problems of disability seem to be quite familiar to the general public in Pakistan, whereas there is little or no conception of solutions. It is not surprising in these circumstances that attitudes focus on helplessness and hopelessness. It will presumably be difficult to remove this impression before there has been a major upswing in the provision of rehabilitative services. Equally it will be difficult to provide facilities without a favorable climate of opinion. Attitude and provision must advance together. Traditionally used by charities iii the competitive business of fund-raising, the application of the Tragedy/Charity Model is graphically illustrated in the advertisement on newspapers and televised Children in Need appeals in which disabled children are depicted alongside young victims of famine, poverty, child abuse and other circumstances. Whilst such appeals raise considerable funds for services and equipment which are not provided by the government, many disabled people find the negative victim-image thoroughly offensive. The idea of if being recipients of charity lowers the self-esteem of people with disabilities. In the eyes of pitying donors, charitable giving carries with it an expectation of gratitude and a set of terms imposed upon the beneficiary. The first is patronizing; the second limiting upon the choices opens to disabled people. Also, employers will view disabled people as charitable cases. Rather than address the real issues of creating a workplace conducive to the employment of people with disabilities, employers may conclude that making charitable donations meets social and economic obligations. This is not to advocate dismantling charities and outlaw caring, charitable acts, which enrich our society and bring badly needed funds. But we do need to educate charity managers and professionals to review the way they operate and ensure that funds are channeled to promote the empowerment of disabled people and their full integration into our society as equal citizens requiring our respect and not our pity. The specific type and amount of neglection against disabled children will vary depending upon whether it occurs within the family, in the community, in institutional settings or in the work place. There are however, several key issues that appear time and again when such behavior occurs. Most striking is the issue of reoccurring stigma and prejudice. From the date of independence to date in Pakistan many although not all communities have dealt poorly with disability. Cultural, religious and popular social beliefs often assume that a child is born with a disability or becomes disabled after birth as the result of a curse,bad blood, an incestuous relationships, a sin committed in a previous incarnation or a sin committed by that childs parents or other family members. A child born in a community where such beliefs exist is at risk in a number of ways. A disabled child is more likely to face extreme negative attitudes at birth and this increased risk for ignorance reappears throughout the life span. This behavior compounds already existing social, educational and economic marginalization that limits the lives and opportunities of these children. For example, disabled children are far less likely than their non-disabled peers to be included in the social, economic and cultural life of their communities; only a small percentage of these children will ever attend school; a majority of street beggars are disabled children. Disabled children living in remote and rural areas may be at increased risk. in societies and including Pakistan where there is stigma against those with disability, research indicates that some parents respond with ignorance because of the shame the child had brought on the family or respond with violence because a lack of social support leads to intense stress within the family. in Pakistan, while many parents are submissive towards children where no disability exists, when a disabled child lives in these setting his or her disability often serves to compound and intensify the nature and extent of the abuse. For example, a mobility impaired child may be less able to flee when physically assaulted. A child who is deaf may be unable to communicate about the abuse he or she faces to anyone outside his or her household, unless these outsiders speak sign language or understand the home signs the child uses. A child who is intellectually impaired may not be savvy enough to anticipate a parents growing anger or know when to leave the room to avoid being struck. Regular observations of child rearing practices in Pakistan indicate that a disabled child faces increased risk as the result of child-produced stress, It is hypothesized that this cycle of increasing tensions can begin long before the child is diagnosed as having a disability. For example, a child with a hearing impairment may be regarded as disobedient; a child with vision problems may not make eye contact and appear to be unresponsive, a child with a neurological disorder maybe difficult to comfort or feed. Other researchers suggest that parents who become violent towards their disabled child are reacting not to the childs condition alone, but to the social isolation and stigma they encounter from surrounding family, friends and neighbors. Parents of disabled children often lack social supports as family and friends distance themselves; they can find no school willing to take their child or theylive in communities where there are few or no social services to help them with their childs needs. It is possible that both child-produced stressors and social isolation are compounded to produce a stressful in a household coping with a disabled child. It is also true that not all households with disabled children in Pakistan are stress prone and even within the same communities there are coping mechanisms in some families that prevent this behavior, while children with identical disabilities in other households are subjected to burden. As with many aspects of negative attitude towards disabled children, at this point, much more research in Pakistan is needed to allow us to adequately understand the factors that inhibit or foster these attitudes towards disabled children. The disabled child in a majority of household may receive less food, medical care or other services. This can be subtle, for example, parents or caretakers may wait a few additional days before spending scarce money for medicine or the child may receive less food or less nutritious food than his or her sibling. The low socioeconomic status of the family and the present inflation rate prevailing in the country may worst the situation a lot. Such neglect can lead to further impairments in a vicious feedback cycle in which the disabled child continually loses ground developmentally. Such neglect may be further exacerbated by gender for example, in Pakistan mostly parents spend huge money for boy childrens disability that for girl children, despite the fact that disability itself affects equal numbers of males and females. Neglect, in the form of the lack of adequate medical care, less nutritious food or lack of access to related resources, is the apparent cause of these deaths. In Pakistan as a general practice, the child is kept home to ensure his or her own safety, as parents fear that the child may be struck by a cart or abused by someone in the neighborhood. But in many other instances, even in educated and/or porch families a child is kept isolated because the family fears the reaction from other members of the community. As per treatment given by clergyman, children in some communities are kept shackled in windowless storerooms, hold hands and feet with iron chain, hot household courtyards or dark attics for night, often with little or no interaction, even by those within the household. Even in the next door neighbors may not know of the childs existence. Here is a need to create awareness among parents to send their disabled in special schools, for this see Box No. 1 for this purpose. When it comes to convincing Pakistanis that special education is important, especially the rural poor, the key individuals that arguments must be targeted toare parents. Parents must be persuaded that special education is valuable and necessary for their children with special needs. School administration, social service and child advocacy agencies may be aware that a disabled child Is the victim of violence or neglect, but choose to keep that child in the household because there are few or no residential care facilities are available in the country. The response of disabled children themselves to on-going violence within the home is dictated by a number of factors. They may be aware that this type of behavior is unacceptable, but fear loss of relationship with care giver or family member. While this is an issue for many children in violent households, for disabled children dependent on their abusers for physical care, communication with the outside world or other disability-specific concerns, these issues are more complex. S/he is also be aware that this type of behavior is unacceptable, seek to alert authorities, but are not listened to or believed. Unfortunately, in Pakistan, individuals who work as teachers, attendants for disabled children, or help transport, feed or care for such children, are often underpaid, overworked and largely unsupervised. While many who undertake such career choices do so out of the best of motives. Very few schools have mechanisms in place that allow students, parents to complain about victimization of these negative attitudes. This is all the more serious because in many areas of Pakistan and specially in rural areas there are only a handful of schools or educational programs that are available for disabled children. Parents/caregivers or children may hesitate to complain about abusive behavior in the school, fearing that they will be dismissed from a program when no alternative exists. Mostly in Pakistan, Disabled children are often kept in environments that can only be described as inhumane. Institutions for disabled children are often at the bottom of government priority lists and lack adequate funding, consistent support or oversight from government or civil society. Institutions are often overcrowded, unsanitary and suffer from lack of both staff and resources which lead directly to avoidable suffering and below the growth standards. The low pay, low social status, long hours and hard working conditions in many institutions means that workers are hard to find and administrators are quick to hire anyone. Background checks on personnel often are not done. This allows some individuals, intent on harming or exploiting children, to regularly seek work in such institutions. Because of lack of a registry or oversight of suchpredators when an abusive employee is discovered it is not uncommon for that individual to be tired from one institution and soon turn up working at another institution for disabled children nearby. Compounding this, as noted earlier, individuals with disability and their families tend to be ftir poorer than other members of the population, and this poverty can severely limit the ability of disabled children and their families to afford light for their rights. The large number of disabled children and their families who live in poverty also reduces that number of disabled young people able to afford related private special schooling. Because disabled children frequently receive no formal education or low quality education, their working lives often begin earlier than those of their nondisabled peers. Furthermore, because they are rarely trained or apprenticed for a specific trade or skill, they are often sent to work at the most menial jobs, constituting some of the harshest forms of child labor. While it is known that many disabled children are in the workplace, little information on these children exists because most find work in informal sectors of society as house servants, farm workers, in shops or in factories. Honestly speaking, in Pakistan, documentation of this attitude against disabled children in the workplace is therefore absent or very rare. However, knowledge from other realms of disability research can provide some insight. For example, those disabled children who are unable to work as quickly as their non- disabled coworkers, or those who are unable to hear to understand or follow directions, are at risk of being insulted and bullied. Because finding and keeping work for individuals with disability is difficult in most societies (i.e.: even in developed countries, the unemployment rate for adults with disability often is above 80%) disabled children and adolescents have little voice in the workplace and are at risk not only for physical and verbal abuse, but are also less likely to report such abuse or to quit should they be abused. In Pakistan, especially in rural areas and also most of the developing and under developing countries, the most common form of employment outside the household for poor disabled children may be begging. Disabled children are regularly used to generate income through begging. Some are placed on the streets to beg by their own families, some are sold by their families to others who keep stables of disabled children in organized rings of beggars. Either way, reports and anecdotes from dozens of countries indicate that such children are routinely subjected to violence both in order to keep them on the streets and once on the streets, by members of the general population, who see such children as easy prey. In more recent times, however, the notion of disability has come to be conceptualized as a socio-political construct within a rights-based discourse. The emphasis has shifted from dependence to independence, as people with disability have sought a political voice, and become politically active against social forces of disablism. Disability activists, in engaging in identity politics, have adopted the strategies used by other social movements commanding human and civil rights. And these strategies have brought gains, but within certain limitations. In Pakistan, from the mid 1980s, the country has enacted legislation which embraces a rights-based discourse rather than a custodial discourse; and which seeks to address issues of social justice and discrimination. The legislation also embraces the conceptual shift from disability being seen as an individualized medical problem to rather being about community membership and participation, and access to regular societal activities such as employment, education, recreation and so on. Where access is inappropriate, inadequate, difficult or ignored, advocacy processes have been initiated to address situations and promote the peoples rights. Yet, rights-based discourse, although employed as a political strategy, has also become a way of constructing disability by locking people with disability into an identity which is based upon membership of a minority group. Entitlements thus become contingent upon being able to define oneself as a person with disability. And the conceptual barrier between normal and abnormal goes unchallenged, so that while one may have entitlements legislatively guaranteed, community which cannot be legislated for, remains elusive. While rights-based discourse, at a strategic level, has brought some additional entitlements to people with disability, it has not significantly altered the way in which disability is constructed and so, despite legislative changes, some peoples lives have not necessarily changed. Rights-based discourse fails to meet these challenges for, rather than seeking to dismantle the entire concept of disability, it actually relies upon such a construction to support its claims for rights and entitlements. Part of the problem with the subject of education of disabled children in Pakistan is that it suffers from a lack of identity as a discipline or part of a discipline, and it operates in relative isolation from other relevant disciplines. Therefore it does not benefit from the research in other disciplines, and lacks accountability. An alternative approach would aim to acknowledge these difficulties, to draw onother disciplines where relevant, and to locate the subject within a development framework. HOW WE IMPROVE THE SITUATION: Improvement shall only be possible when we will work on each and every sector which prevents disability to its severe consequences. The following discussion highlights some of these areas. 1. Prevention: The majority of disabilities are preventable. There are, however, a number of reasons why there is a failure to prevent disabilities in Pakistan. Although there are a number of policies aimed at preventing disabilities, there is no coherent coordination between the various government departments to ensure that these policies are properly carried out. Also, there are a number of areas in which policies should exist, but do not. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health, in consultation with other relevant departments and the Directorate General of Special Education (DGSE), facilitate the development of a National Inter-SectoralDisability Prevention Strategy that will set national norms and minimum standards for the prevention of disabilities. 2. Public Education and Awareness Raising: One of the greatest hurdles disabled people face when trying to access mainstream programs arc negative attitudes. It is these attitudes that lead to the social exclusion and marginalization of people with disabilities. Negative attitudes are continually reinforced. Disability is portrayed as a problem People with disabilities are viewed as helpless and dependent; as ill and in constant need of care and medical treatment, or as tragic victims. Culture plays an important role in the way we relate to people with disabilities. This contributes to the perception of people with disabilities as different or outsiders. The changing of attitudes is not something that happens automatically or spontaneously. Attitude changing is a complex process which involves moving, in a series of stages, from one set of attitudes to another. Public education and awareness are central to the changing of attitudes. 3. Health Care: Appropriate, accessible and affordable health services at primary, secondary and tertiary level are essential to the equalization of opportunities for people with disabilities. Such services should include general medical and nursing assistance on an in-patient, out-patient or community home care basis, and specialized health professional assistance. 4. Rehabilitation: Access to appropriate rehabilitation services can make the difference between leading an isolated and economically dependent life and leading an economically independent life and playing an active role in society. The main policy objectives should be: to enable peo5le with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric, and/or social functional levels; to provide people with disabilities with the tools to change their lives and to give them a greater degree of independence; to prevent secondary disabilities or to reduce the extent of disability; to take into account the specific needs of different disability groupings. 5. Assistive Devices: Assistive/rehabilitation technology enables individuals with disabilities to participate on equal terms. If people with disabilities are to access their rights and responsibilities and participate in society as equal citizens, they must have access to appropriate and affordable assistive devices. The production, supply and maintenance of assistive devices are presently uncoordinated. Imported devices are steeply taxed, making them very expensive. Initiatives to develop appropriate and affordable assistive technology have, to date, taken place in isolation from general technology development (i.e. they are aimed at a special market), with very little participation by consumers, or collaboration between the various sectors and agencies. With the assistance of modern technology, products should be developed for use by people with a range of different disabilities. The aim should be to reduce costs by producing for a larger market. This may require greater standardization of products. 6. Barrier Free Access: The way in which the environment is developed and organized contributes, to a large extent, to the level of independence and equality that people with disabilities enjoy. There are a number of barriers in the environment which prevent disabled people from enjoying equal opportunities with non-disabled people. For example: structural barriers in the built environment; inaccessible service points; inaccessible entrances due to security systems; poor town planning; and poor interior design. It is recommended that the Department of Public Works, in consultation with the National Environment Protection Agency (NEPA) and other stakeholders, develop national guidelines and minimum norms and standards with regard to barrier-free access. 7. Transport: There is a need for rapid progress in developing a public transport system that is flexible and accessible. Without this, people with disabilities will continue to remain largely invisible and unable to contribute to, or benefit from, the services and commercial activities available to most of their fellow citizens. Given the fact that the ability to use services, or attend school or work, is largely dependent on the ability of people to get there, the lack of accessible transport is a serious barrier to the full integration into society of people with disabilities. A large proportion of the population uses the bus services as their chief mode of public transport. Policy makers tend to focus on wheelchair-lift equipped buses when considering access. There are, however, a number of low-cost accessible features that could be considered in the short term. Dial-a-ride services have proven particularly popular in densely populated areas. The primary distinction between this service and existing services operated by welfare organizations is that people are able to use the service for any purpose, whether to work, school or for social reasons. Although the major airports in Pakistan have introduced extensive upgrading projects to make their facilities more user-friendly, smaller provincial and regional airports still remain extremely discriminatory against disabled commuters. This is, in part, due to a lack of information on national guidelines and minimum standards and norms. The larger airlines have introduced personnel training programs to facilitate a more sensitive service from airline staff. 8. Communications: Sign Language is the first and natural language of Deaf people, whatever thespoken language of his or her hearing parents may be. Sign Language is thecentral focus of Deaf peoples human rights. It is important to note that Sign Language is a language in its own right, with its own grammar and syntax. Sign Language uses the modality of space, in contrast with the spoken language which uses the modality of sound. There are several regional variations of Sign Language in Pakistan. Special Language Systems/Augmentative and Alternative Communication refer to any mode of communication used by people who can not use a spoken or sign language. They include Braille, touch, Bliss symbols or other means of communication. Interpreter services are linked closely to the communication needs of Deaf people and people with limited or no speech. These services enable them to communicate freely with society, and arc an essential clement in the achievement of equal opportunities for people with communication disabilities. They include Sign Language interpreters, lip speakers,